<p>St. Adalbert Polish Catholic Church is a historic church at 1511 Valley Street in Dayton, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>On Sunday, April 30, 1905,St. Adalbert Church was dedicated by Archbishop Henry K. Moeller of Cincinnati.</p><br>
<p>In 1954, parishioners build a new rectory and grotto shrine at the church.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, preparations began for the building of a new St. Adalbert&#39;s church. On Holy Thursday, March 23, 1967, the first mass was held at the new church. It was dedicated on the Feast of St. Adalbert, April 23, 1967.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the old church building was sold by the Archdiocese of Cincinnati and converted into a madrasah for the neighboring Diyanet mosque</p><br>
<p>Emmanuels Evangelical Lutheran Church is a historic Lutheran church at 30 W. Warren Street in Germantown, Ohio. The Gothic Revival church building was constructed in 1867 for a congregation that formed in 1809. The congregation had originally shared a building with the local German Reformed congregation; when this arrangement proved inadequate in the 1830s, it built its own brick building, which was reconstructed into the 1867 building. It is one of four extant churches in the area built by Pennsylvania German settlers in the nineteenth century. The churchs design features a gable front entrance split into three sections, each with an arched doorway and large arched stained glass window; the central section is topped by a tall multi-faced steeple.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 6, 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Chesterville Community Church is an independent congregation in the Wesleyan tradition, located in the village of Chesterville, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1833, it is Chestervilles only church, and it worships in a landmark 1850s building. Constructed during the villages most prominent years, the building is one of the most significant structures anywhere in the community, and it has been named a historic site as an important part of the village&#39;s nineteenth-century built environment.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built of brick on a foundation of sandstone, the Chesterville Community Church building is a Greek Revival structure covered with a metal roof and possessing exterior elements of wood. When originally built, the church measured 70 x. Today, the facade and side are both divided into three bays: two windows (one above the other) appear in each side bay and in the right and left bays of the facade, while the middle facade bay is pierced by an entry door with a datestone above it. Above the main part of the facade is a pediment, and a belfry crowns the building.</p><br>
<p>The church contains several beautiful historic stained glass windows, some dating back to the late 1800s. Several of these were damaged by an EF-1 tornado on June 13, 2022. They are restored as of June, 2023.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Organic</h3><br>
<p>Chestervilles first church was a Primitive Baptist congregation, which was organized in 1816. The first Methodists in the vicinity of the present village gathered under the preaching of itinerant preachers in the late 1820s, and the first Methodist sermon in Chesterville itself was preached in 1833 by a minister who stayed overnight in the village while travelling from Mansfield to Columbus. A class was formed soon afterward, worshipping in an old schoolhouse, and the first minister was a Rev. McDowell. The congregations earliest extant records date from July 1836. One year later, the first church building was erected at a cost of $1,200 in addition to $150 for the land. The congregation continued worshipping at this property until late 1850; they sold it in 1849 for $350 while retaining the right to use it for a year, and in later years, the building was converted into a school. The present church building was erected in 1851 at a cost of several thousand dollars; it was several years before the congregation struggled out of debt,</p><br>
<p>In 2023, the church was renamed Chesterville Community Church and became an independent congregation in the Wesleyan tradition.</p><br>
<h3>Community</h3><br>
<p>Chesterville&#39;s earliest years, late in the first half of the nineteenth century, were highly prosperous; numerous private schools and a prominent textile manufacturing company were established there. Its decline began in the late 1840s: several area communities united to fight for the creation of a separate county but fought each other for the title of county seat, and when Mount Gilead was chosen for this position instead of Chesterville, the town stagnated as both government and railroads concentrated on Mount Gilead. This combination of early prosperity and later stagnation is responsible for the present existence of the Methodist Church and numerous other Greek Revival buildings in the village: a building boom occurred early in its history, and neither finances nor necessity permitted the construction of newer buildings in later years.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>During the 1970s, a community group known as Chester Community Concerns was formed to encourage preservation of the villages historic architecture. In 1978, the group sponsored a project to record the villages historic buildings with the Ohio Historic Inventory, a historic preservation survey, with the goal of nominating the most important historic properties for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. Using the multiple property submission process, nine Chesterville buildings were added to the Register in August 1979: the Chester Township Hall, the Methodist Church, the Jarvis and Enos Miles Houses on Portland Street, the Old Union School, the Post Office and the A.B. Sears House on Sandusky Street, and the Old Bartlett and Goble Store and a Wood Commercial Building at the villages main intersection. The Methodist Church qualified both because of its well-preserved historic architecture and because of its place in local history: it was deemed the villages most important architectural landmark, and its location on State Route 95 on the villages east side makes it one of the villages most prominent buildings, contributing greatly to Chesterville&#39;s continued appearance as a nineteenth-century trading center.</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Evangelical Lutheran Church is a historic church in Stovertown, Ohio.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1819, a church was constructed on John George Swingle&#39;s land by William Foster, Traveling pastor. This church was utilized until 1831, when a new church was constructed half a mile south of Stovertown at its present location. A simple, neat frame chapel was constructed for $1,000 in 1851. The current church was constructed in 1878 and is still in use today. It was added to the National Register in 1980</p><br>
<p>St. Thomas Aquinas Church is a historic church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Columbus at 130 North. 5th Street in Zanesville, Ohio. The current church was completed in 1842, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and was under the care of the Order of Preachers until July 2017.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Trinity Church</h3><br>
<p>The first Mass celebrated in Zanesville was celebrated by Dominican Fr. Nicholas Young, who was traveling through the area to Perry County. However, upon discovering three Catholic families in the area, he said Mass on the second floor of the Green Tree Tavern in the spring of 1819. The tavern was owned by John Dugan and stood at the corner of Fifth and Main Streets. In November 1820, Dugan purchased a brick warehouse to serve as a church, renaming it Trinity Church. Young came via horseback twice a month from Somerset to say Mass for the community. In 1823, Fr. Stephen Montgomery, O.P., became the first resident pastor of the church.</p><br>
<h3>St. John the Baptist</h3><br>
<p>As the church continued to grow, the converted warehouse became too small, and Dugan purchased the lot on which St. Thomas Church is now constructed, at the corner of Fifth Street and Spruce Alley. To be named St. John the Baptist, the cruciform buildings blueprints were a gift of a New York architect, and the cornerstone was laid on March 4, 1825. The building was dedicated by bishop Edward Fenwick on July 2, 1827 The congregation soon outgrew the existing building, and so in preparation for a new church, St. Johns was demolished in the fall of 1841.</p><br>
<p>Dugan died in Maryland in 1825 while escorting Bishop Fenwick back to Ohio. He was interred under St. John&#39;s, his tomb marked with a cross.</p><br>
<h3>St. Thomas Aquinas</h3><br>
<p>Construction for the foundation of St. Thomas began in 1842, with Zanesville&#39;s Protestant community contributed funding; local Quaker, John Howard, donated stone from his property. The cornerstone for St. Thomas Aquinas Church was laid on March 17, 1842 by bishop Richard Pius Miles of Nashville. The English Gothic structure cost $40,000, and the first Mass was celebrated on in the basement of the church Christmas of 1842. The church was gradually finished over time, with a steeple being added in 1871</p><br>
<p>On June 16, 1912, a tornado collapsed the church steeple into the nave during morning Mass, killing three people and injuring twenty-eight. The next year, the Muskingum River flooded, further damaging the church. The parish raised approximately $25,000 to repair the building. The parish ordered new pictorial stained glass windows from Joseph Osterrath of Liège, Belgium in 1914, but order fulfillment was delayed until after the end of World War I.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 11, 1980.</p><br>
<p>In March 2017, The Dominican Province of Saint Joseph announced that the Order of Preachers would no longer staff the parish, and a priest of the Diocese of Columbus would be pastor, as of July 11.</p><br>
<h4>Structural Issues and Temporary Closure</h4><br>
<p>Structural engineers inspected the church attic on February 26, 2020, and discovered cracks in the wood trusses. As a result, the Mid-East Ohio Building Department condemned the building until repairs could be made. The parish adopted a plan to prevent further damage via shoring, repair the damaged timbers using steel structural channels, and make necessary cosmetic repairs. After starting the project on April 6, the work crew discovered asbestos fiberboard insulation which was likely installed in the 1920s or 1930s. The requisite asbestos removal delayed the shoring effort. Fundraising for an estimated $1.7 million dollars in repairs was approved by bishop Robert J. Brennan in July 2020, and the parish used the main church for Christmas Mass in 2021 after holding worship services at an alternate site for a time.</p><br>
<h2>Schools</h2><br>
<p>The parish school began operating in the church basement in 1830, and was staffed by The Dominican Sisters of the Springs and the Holy Cross Brothers at various times. In 1884, the school added a one-year bookkeeping course that by 1914 became a full high school program based in a dedicated building constructed that year. In 1950 the high school was merged with that of neighboring St. Nicholas parish, forming Bishop Rosecrans High School. The same happened with the grade schools of the Zanesville parishes in 2006, forming Bishop Fenwick School. The former St. Thomas school building houses kindergarten through third grade for Bishop Fenwick.</p><br>
<p>St. Henry&#39;s Catholic Church is a historic Catholic parish in the rural community of Harriettsville in the southeastern part of the USA state of Ohio. Established for German settlers in the 1860s, it worships in a landmark church building constructed in the 1890s. As the only stone building in the area and the work of a prominent architect, it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Noble Countys pioneer settlers arrived soon after the Treaty of Greenville, 1795; although the area is near the earliest settlement at Marietta, the northward advance of civilization was delayed by events such as the Big Bottom massacre, 1790, on the Muskingum River not far to the west. However, the history of Harriettsville began far later, for Moses T. Spencer platted it in 1839. Among the earliest settlers were a pair of Frenchmen, while numerous Germans were among the small villages population by the late 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The first clergy in modern-day Noble County were itinerant ministers of the Methodist Episcopal Church; preachers from other denominations were equally as active as the Methodists, but less numerous. and construction finished in 1894.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Henry&#39;s Church is a stone building in the Gothic Revival style; the most prominent component is a multi-story tower on one side of the facade. Small windows pierce the walls of the tower, the main section of which is topped by a louvered belfry. Crowning the entire tower is a tall spire topped with a cross, while space for large clocks is left unoccupied between the spire and the belfry. The primary portion of the church is a simpler rectangular structure; the shingled roof rises to a prominent gable at the front of the building. Sitting next to the church is a small frame rectory with gabled roof, built in the late nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Rather than hiring a local architect, the parishioners chose Chicago architect Adolphus Druiding to design their new church at the end of the nineteenth century. One of Ohio&#39;s most rural areas, Noble County possesses a built environment consisting primarily of traditional vernacular buildings, rather than the high style and professional craftsmanship that the church exemplifies. Moreover, very few stone buildings are found anywhere in the county, and Harriettsville has no other stone buildings at all.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>In 1982, the church and rectory were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of their historically significant architecture and because of their important place in the areas history. The property is one of nine Noble County locations on the National Register; among the others is Immaculate Conception Church in Fulda, which supported Harriettsvilles Catholics before St. Henry parish was formed.</p><br>
<p>Immaculate Conception Catholic Church is a historic Catholic parish at Fulda in rural Noble County, Ohio, United States. Established in the 1840s among a group of German immigrants, it worships in a landmark building that dominates the surrounding community. The building has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Noble Countys pioneer settlers arrived soon after the Treaty of Greenville, 1795; although the area is near the earliest settlement at Marietta, the northward advance of civilization was delayed by events such as the Big Bottom massacre, 1790, on the Muskingum River not far to the west. However, the history of Fulda began far later, for Charles Burlingame platted it in 1861. By the late 1880s, numerous Germans were among the small villages population.</p><br>
<p>The first clergy in modern-day Noble County were itinerant ministers of the Methodist Episcopal Church; preachers from other denominations were equally as active as the Methodists, but less numerous. Harriettsvilles first church, predating the community itself, was a small group of Methodists. Immaculate Conception Church was organized about 1840, seven years after the first Germans arrived in the area after migrating from Wheeling, Virginia. No priest came among them until 1840, and until 1849 the ministration of the sacraments was rare. A priest from Miltonsburg began making twice-monthly visits in 1849, but the first resident priest was appointed in 1858. Although he stayed only two years, his successor D.J. Kluber served the parish from 1860 until 1883, exerting immense influence over the parish, and the members saw him as being largely responsible for the parishs growth and stability. Construction began on a small church building under the ministry of the priest from Miltonsburg, and Archbishop Purcell of Cincinnati dedicated it in 1853. Ten years later, the parishioners constructed a parish school, and a rectory followed in 1866; its large size and pretentious architecture resulted in a high construction cost of $2,500. By this time, the original church building had become entirely inadequate for the needs of the congregation, and replacement plans were laid; the cornerstone was laid in May 1874, and Bishop Rosecrans of Columbus dedicated it in August of the following year.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built of brick, Immaculate Conception is a Romanesque Revival structure with a gabled front divided into three bays. Each of the side bays is pierced by an entrance with fanlight and a window above, while the tower projecting from the center bay includes two oculi and an arched window above its doorway. A belfry with louvering is placed within the tower in the small space between the roofline of the rest of the building and the top of the tower. Unlike the bays in the facade, the side bays are almost totally occupied by large Romanesque windows, while a cornice of miniature arches sits under the eaves between the brackets. Moreover, the interior possesses complexity uncommon in rural Appalachian Ohio, due to components such as a vaulted ceiling, polychromy, and a grand high altar. The churchs dedication to the Virgin prompts its primary paint color to be a light blue, although rose and gold are extensively used as a reference to Christ the King. Outside, the church is the primary component of Fuldas built environment: its location on a hilltop highlights the west-facing building&#39;s architecture, which is of far grander style than any other building in the community.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Immaculate Conception remains an active part of the Diocese of Steubenville, being one of its five parishes in Noble County.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places under the name "St. Marys Church of the Immaculate Conception&quot it qualified both because of its historically significant architecture and because of its significant place in local history. It is one of nine Noble County locations on the National Register; among the others is St. Henrys Church in Harriettsville, which Immaculate Conception supported in the two parishes&#39; earliest years.</p><br>
<p>The Old School Privy is a historic outhouse in the village of Genoa, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the 1870s, it has the unusual distinction of being both a public toilet and an official historic site.</p><br>
<p>Incorporated in 1868, Genoa quickly sought to demonstrate its residents&#39; civic pride through the construction of fine buildings. Among these was its first schoolhouse, which the residents built two years later; it was significant enough to the community that they also erected an architecturally distinctive public toilet adjacent to it in the same year. Public toilets were once common near crossroads in Ohio and other Northwest Territory states, but architecture comparable to the Old School Privy was virtually unknown for such humble structures. In later years, the building was converted for use as an incinerator.</p><br>
<p>Built of brick, the privy features elements of limestone. It is a rectangular building with a gabled roof and a chimney at each end; two doors pierce the front, while two full windows and a small semicircular light are placed in the side. Rather than being built simply functionally without unnecessary elements, the building features the high styling of Romanesque Revival architecture, such as rusticated stone trim and decorative stonework in the arches that top the entrances. Stonework is used in many of the components that were expected to see heavy use, including the steps, the windowsills, the thresholds, and the water table.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, the Old School Privy was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its place in local history. One of 29 such locations in Ottawa County, it was the seventh to be given this distinction. Other outhouses have been added to the Register as contributing properties to larger designations, such as the outhouses associated with the Old Union Church at Alfordsville in southwestern Indiana, but very few public toilets such as the Old School Privy or Colorado&#39;s Bear Lake Comfort Station have individually been named to the Register.</p><br>
<p>Saint Josephs Catholic Church is a historic church in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Columbus, located in Somerset, Ohio. It is one of the oldest Catholic church buildings in Ohio and home to Ohios oldest Catholic parish which has been served by priests of the Dominican order since its foundation. Built in 1843, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In approximately 1798, Jacob Dittoe, a German-Catholic pioneer, moved to the Ohio wilderness in the area near modern-day Somerset. About seven years later, Dittoe began petitioning Bishop Carroll of Baltimore (the only Catholic bishop in the United States at the time) to send priests to his growing Catholic community. In a letter dated Feb. 1, 1808, Dittoe informed the bishop of the locals&#39; needs for the Sacraments, and asked if a Catholic lawyer could validate marriages in the absence of a priest. Apparently, this letter moved the bishop to act. He sent a Dominican priest, Father Edward Fenwick from Kentucky to find Dittoe and serve the religious needs of his community.</p><br>
<p>Fenwick traveled from Kentucky to Ohio along Zanes Trace, and learned of Dittoes whereabouts when he reached New Lancaster. Lost on the poorly marked road, Fenwick followed the sound of an ax cracking through the wilderness to reach the home of Jacob and Catherine Dittoe in September 1808. From that time forward, Fr. Fenwick attempted annual visits. One notable exception was in 1812 when Bishop Flaget of Bardstown and Father Stephen Badin lodged with the Dittoes en route to Baltimore. Of the occasion, Flaget wrote:</p><br>
<p>We went to spend the night with Mr. Dittoe, an excellent Catholic who keeps an inn on the road. This faithful believer has already bought, conjointly with one of his brothers, 320 acres of land for the location of a priest. He has already built a little house on it and cleared ten acres. In three years, he hopes to have thirty acres cleared. I promised him that I would try to send them a priest, at least once a year until Providence would permit me to give them one permanently. I advised Mr. Dittoe to build a house which would be at the same time a house for the priest and a chapel, and he is going to do it. This chapel could also serve as a place where the Catholics might gather together every Sunday, thus serving to draw them closer in the bonds of charity, and reminding them of their duties as Catholics. The Catholics at New Lancaster, or near Mr. Dittoe&#39;s, are in sufficient numbers to form a very respectable congregation, and with the taste that the Germans have for music, I am very sure that divine services there would be held with a great deal of beauty and dignity. All the children of Mr. Dittoe are musicians, and at this moment while I am writing they are making a chorus of melody which pleases me very much. God of all goodness, send me priests!</p><br>
<p>The 320 acres Flaget mentioned was eventually deeded to Fr. Fenwick as a site for a church and seminary. In 1818, Fenwick and his nephew, Fr. Nicholas Dominic Young, took up residence in a cabin Dittoe built as headquarters for the Ohio missions. Fr. Fenwick dedicated the original Saint Joseph Church on Dec. 6, 1818. A log structure measuring 22 feet long and 15 feet wide, it was the first Catholic church building in Ohio. Jacob Dittoe chose the parish patron saint. The first baptismal record at the new parish was that of Nicholas J. Ryan on Dec. 24, 1818. Conditions in the log church were harsh; winter temperatures dropped low enough that a brazier was used on the altar during Mass to keep the Communion wine from freezing.</p><br>
<p>Fenwick left St. Joseph Church in 1821 when he was appointed as bishop of the newly formed Diocese of Cincinnati. Fr. Young carried on alone until 1823 when Fr. Daniel O&#39;Leary joined him at St. Joseph and remained with him there until the mid-1830s. During that time, the log church was replaced with a brick one; it was dedicated on Jan. 11, 1829. In time, this structure became too crowded, so construction on another church building began in 1839. Despite funding difficulties, the church (the current St. Joseph church building) was completed and dedicated in 1843. All but the walls was destroyed by fire in 1864, but the church was rebuilt. The interior was renovated in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Notable Clergy</h2><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>St. Joseph&#39;s shares a pastor with Holy Trinity, also in Somerset.</p><br>
<p>St. John The Baptist Roman Catholic Church is a historic church at Ohio 694 and Main Street in Glandorf, Ohio. It was built in 1875 and added to the National Register in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1834, Father Johann Wilhelm Horstmann and other settlers immigrated from Glandorf, Germany, to Putnam County, Ohio. They acquired a tract of land from the government, and established the town of Glandorf along with the first Catholic church in Putnam County. The church building was a by log cabin that also served as a residence for Father Horstmann.</p><br>
<p>The congregation quickly outgrew the original building and, in 1837, a larger hewn-log church was dedicated to St John the Baptist. Father Horstmann died in 1843 and Father Bohne, who took over the parish, began construction of a brick church building. Shortly afterward, the parish put under the control of the Sanguinist Fathers and, in 1848, a convent was established.</p><br>
<p>The current church building was built in 1875 and dedicated in 1878. It was designed by Cudell & Richardson, and it was the largest Roman Catholic church in Ohio at the time. The church is built in the Neo-Gothic style and has a 169-foot spire. It contained "figurines from Austria, stained glass windows imported from Munich, Germany, and a highly detailed pulpit which was purchased for $1,400 at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia", according to Michael Leach, who wrote a book on the church&#39;s history. Pioneer cemetery, which holds the grave of Father Horstmann, sits beside the church.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, the church was added to the National Register.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, a fire in the church caused $1.2 million worth of damage to the inside.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the parish opened a museum to display the history of the church and the town of Glandorf.</p><br>
<h2>Church restoration</h2><br>
<p>In 2017, the church underwent a 3-month restoration and improvement project. The $1.2 million project involved preventive measures such as fiberglassing the interior walls, painting, and installing updated storm windows to protect the stained glass. In addition, a lowered ceiling in the vestibule was removed to uncover a stained glass window. The work was carried out by Conrad Schmitt Studios of New Berlin, Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>Sacred Heart of Jesus Churches  is a historic church located on OH-61 in Bethlehem, Sharon Township, Richland County, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone was laid in 1892 and the church was dedicated in 1895. It was added to the National Register in 1986.</p><br>
<p>In 1967, the church was adopted into the mission of the parish of Shelby, OH; however, the following year the parish center was relocated to Bethlehem as its center of operations, where it remains today.</p><br>
<p>The Fleming Building is a historic building located in downtown Des Moines, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The structure is an eleven-story office building that rises 174 ft above the ground. The Chicago architectural firm of D.H. Burnham and Company designed the building in the early Commercial style and it was completed in 1909. It is one of the earliest steel-framed buildings in Iowa. Elements of the Beaux-Arts style are found in the buildings proportions and details, which is typical of the Burnham Companys work.</p><br>
<p>Judaculla Rock is a curvilinear-shaped outcrop of soapstone known for its ancient carvings and petroglyphs. The archaeological site is located on a 0.85-acre rectangular-shaped property, now owned by Jackson County. It is approximately 60 meters east of Caney Fork Creek, a major branch of the northwestward-trending Tuckasegee River in the mountains of Western North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The petroglyph boulder occurs within a man-made bowl-shaped depression. Today the land is covered with mowed turf grass (previously, it was cultivated as a cornfield) and bordered on the west by a thicket of rivercane (Arundinaria gigantea). Slightly upslope and east of the boulder are a few smaller outcroppings of soapstone bedrock, at least two of which show definite scars left by ancient quarrying for soapstone bowl manufacture. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The surface of the westward-slanting main boulder is covered with petroglyphs. It measures roughly 22 m&sup2;. The boulder carries scars resulting from soapstone bowl extraction. Three depressions show stem extraction to make pipes, and three more are hollow scallops.</p><br>
<p>Numerous petroglyphs have been pecked and incised into the surface. The densely packed motifs, especially those along the upper two-thirds of the boulder, often make it difficult to distinguish among the carvings. A minimum count of the patterns has revealed 1,458 cup marks, 47 curvilinear units, 10 bowl-shaped depressions, 10 stick-like figures, 9 rills, 3 concentric rings designs, 3 curvilinear motifs, 3 deer tracks, 3 claw-like imprints, 1 arc, 1 cross-in-circle, and 1 winged shape.</p><br>
<h2>Date range</h2><br>
<p>Petroglyphs that occur within three hollow scallops suggest that their production took place after soapstone bowl quarrying had ceased at the site. This finding is supported by similar overlaps at a smaller soapstone boulder, Brinkley Rock, in western North Carolina and two others, Track Rock Gap and Sprayberry Rock in northern Georgia.</p><br>
<p>In terms of stylistic cross-dating, the similarity between the concentric ring and cross-in-ring petroglyphs on the boulder with patterns on ceramics from the region suggests that the petroglyphs, made over the Late Archaic soapstone extraction scars, date somewhere between the Middle Woodland and late Mississippian culture periods, roughly 200 CE to 1400 CE.</p><br>
<p>Controlled archaeological excavations around the boulder revealed deposits that were extensively disturbed in historic times, likely by cultivation. This disrupted researchers&#39; ability to date levels of soils. But, auger sampling of soils higher on the slope suggest intact layers remain. These layers, containing soapstone and lithic fragments left by soapstone bowl manufacture, probably date to the Late Archaic period (say, 2000 to 1000 BCE).</p><br>
<h2>Cherokee oral history</h2><br>
<p>Judaculla Rock retains a special significance for the Cherokee. The majority of Cherokee people were forcibly removed to Indian Territory in 1838, but both the tribes in Oklahoma and the one in North Carolina continue to teach their oral history. Cherokee accounts link Judaculla (also known as Tuli-cula/Juthcullah/Tsul &#39;Kalu), their slant-eyed Master-of-Game, with the surrounding landscape, including landforms, rivers, and Cherokee towns.</p><br>
<p>The petroglyph boulder is located on an old trail that linked the former Cherokee townhouse at Cullowhee, or "Juthcullahs Place," with Judacullas reputed townhouse within Tannasee Bald (also known as Tsunegûñyĭ). Today the federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is based in Swain and Jackson counties in Western North Carolina. They and the two Cherokee tribes in Oklahoma continue to regard this boulder as spiritually significant.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>From a rock art perspective, the boulder is significant as it contains more petroglyphs than any other known boulder east of the Mississippi River. Judaculla Rock contains approximately 1,548 motifs, 3.7 times the total of 421 motifs at the substantial Track Rock Gap petroglyph boulder complex in far northern Georgia.</p><br>
<p>From an archaeological perspective, the intact deposits upslope from Judaculla Rock contain physical traces of Late Archaic soapstone quarrying and bowl manufacturing activities. The location of Judaculla Rock between Cullowhee townhouse and Judaculla&#39;s townhouse in Tannasee Bald is expressed in Cherokee stories of other petroglyph boulders in the mountains and foothills of North Carolina and northern Georgia. These intermediary locations tie the Cherokee summer agricultural cultivation in the floodplains to their practice of fall and winter hunting in the uplands. It is also significant that the petroglyph boulders are probably stylized picture maps of the terrain where they are found.</p><br>
<p>Judaculla Rock appears to be a physical representation of the entire landscape the Cherokees inhabited. It not only embodies a distinctive characteristic of petroglyph boulders in the region but, with further study, it is likely to yield additional information about the history and prehistory of the area.</p><br>
<p>Collaboration in Jackson County among the Parker family, former owners of the property; the North Carolina Rock Art Project, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Western Carolina University, the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, and the Caney Fork Community Council, resulted in the construction of a semicircular, elevated viewing platform at the site, complete with interpretive signs. This proactive conservation and management of Judaculla Rock provide a textbook example of how rock art sites in other parts of the country can be preserved, interpreted, and presented on a sustainable basis to the visiting public for generations to come.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, Judaculla Rock and its site were placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopalian church in Fremont, a city in the northwestern part of the USA state of Ohio. Built in the 1840s and expanded multiple times in the following decades, it has been named a historic site for its distinctive architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Organic history</h2><br>
<p>Fremont&#39;s first Protestant Episcopalian meeting was held on January 15, 1842, with twenty-eight individuals present. Parish officers were chosen ten days later, and the first meeting of the vestry in early February petitioned Bishop McIlvaine for a pastor. Before long, a priest began coming periodically from Norwalk, and a new priest was ordained in the following November, although he only served one year before resigning due to ill health.</p><br>
<p>In 1843, the members built a new church building on the northwestern corner of Main and Court Streets.</p><br>
<p>Among the parish&#39;s most prominent members have been Ralph Pomeroy Buckland, a general during the American Civil War, and Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s is a thoroughly Gothic Revival structure with brick walls, a stone foundation, and elements of wood. Among its more distinctive elements is the square bell tower, which was constructed in 1906. The interior features components such as an octagonal baptistry, a pipe organ, frescoes, and a chancel and recess that were expanded in 1873. The interior is lit by stained glass windows and by massive chandeliers.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s is a member parish of the Diocese of Ohio. In early 2013, its rector was Daniel Longsworth Orr.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, St. Paul&#39;s was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. It is one of four National Register-listed properties on Park Avenue and one of seven in the city of Fremont.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary of the Annunciation Roman Catholic Church is a historic church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Columbus in Portsmouth, Ohio. It was built in 1870 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Church of the Annunciation of Portsmouth was built in 1844 by Father O. Mealy, on Madison and 3rd Street. However, by 1852, the Catholics of the community needed another parish, and the German Catholics of the area retained the Church of the Annunciation, under the leadership of Father Francis Karge. The German community grew such that plans were made to construct a new church. A lot on the corner of Fifth and Market was purchased for $2500 in 1859 and the foundation of the church was built in 1864, in addition to a large schoolhouse, costing $3000. The cornerstone of the current church was blessed by Bishop Sylvester Rosecrans on May 9, 1869. The building was dedicated under the name of "Annunciation" on July 31, 1870, having cost $70,000 and having a capacity to seat around 800 people. In 1877, a large pipe organ was added, and in 1895, a bell tower and chimes were installed.</p><br>
<p>The church was greatly damaged by the Ohio River flood of 1937, with water reaching 10 feet high in the church and causing more than $20,000 in damage.</p><br>
<p>As of 2022, the church is part of the Scioto Catholic parish consortium along with Holy Redeemer, Holy Trinity, and Saint Peter churches.</p><br>
<p>Crossroads United Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church in Canton, Ohio. Originally the First Methodist Episcopal Church, it was renamed Church of the Savior United Methodist in 1968. Then in 2014, after its congregation was merged with Saint Paul&#39;s United Methodist Church, it was renamed Crossroads United Methodist Church. It was built in 1881 in a High Victorian Gothic style. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>William McKinley, 25th President of the United States, was an active member of the church. He served as a Trustee and Sunday School superintendent. His funeral was held here September 19, 1901. Thomas Edison recorded of McKinley&#39;s funeral including the body leaving the church.</p><br>
<p>The service was attended by the new President Theodore Roosevelt and a large delegation of Senate and House members and USA Supreme Court justices. The Congressional party filled the entire east section of the pews and the rear half of the two central sections. Generals and admirals in full dress uniform served as the honor guard and occupied the first pew on either side of the center aisle. President Roosevelt and the Cabinet - dressed in black, including black gloves - sat in the second pew of the east side of the center aisle. The fourth pew from the front, which had always been reserved for President McKinley, was draped in black and remained vacant. The Sunday school area and the balcony were filled by citizens and representatives of organizations. This included the Twenty-Third Ohio Regiment, which brought tattered battle flags they carried during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>After a procession through the city, McKinleys body was brought to the church as of Beethovens Grand Funeral March was played on organ. The service began at 2 p.m. with a quartet singing "Beautiful Isle of Somewhere" and then a prayer and invocation by Rev. O.B. Milligan, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church where the McKinleys had been married. Other pastors offering prayers were Dr. John A. Hall of Trinity Lutheran Church and Rev. E. P. Herburck.</p><br>
<p>The 24-minute eulogy was given by Rev. C.E. Manchester. He said in part:</p><br>
<p>"Our President is dead. The silver cord is loosed, the golden bow is broken, the pitcher is broken at the fountain, the wheel broken at the cistern.....We can hardly believe it. We had hoped and prayed, and it seemed that our hopes were to be realized and our prayers answered, when the emotion of joy was changed to one of grave apprehension. Still we waited, for we said, It may be that God will be gracious and merciful unto us. It seemed to be us that it must be His will to spare the life of one so well beloved and so much needed. Thus, alternating between hope and fear, the weary hours passed on. Then came the tidings of defeated sciences, of the failure of love and prayer to hold its object to the earth. We seemed to hear the faintly muttered words, "good-by, all; good-bye. Its Gods will. His will be done, and then "Nearer, My God, to Thee.</p><br>
<p>Bishop I.W. Joyce of Minneapolis offered another prayer and the then the audience joined in singing of the hymn that McKinley had spoken on his deathbed "Nearer, My God, to Thee." Father Valtman, Chaplain for the Twenty-ninth Infantry, offered a final benediction before the coffin was taken up as the church organ played and borne from the church for the procession to West Lawn Cemetery. The body was led by the military guard in a double line from the entrance to the hearse. President Roosevelt and the Cabinet followed arm in arm followed by McKinley&#39;s relatives.</p><br>
<p>The Wyandot Mission Church is an early 19th century Methodist church in Upper Sandusky, Ohio. The church&#39;s interior contains hand-hewn benches, dark pews, and portraits of the missionary John Stewart and his Wyandot converts. The church is surrounded by trees and a cemetery and is often described as peaceful.</p><br>
<p>Reverend James B. Finley joined Stewart among the Wyandots before directing construction of the church in 1824. He built it of blue limestone. The Wyandots used the church until their removal to Kansas in 1843. That year, they met there and deeded its land to the Methodist Episcopal Church. The site was abandoned within multiple years and was only restored by Methodists in 1888. Ongoing summer services began in 1970, and the church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Wyandot Mission Church is located on East Church Street in the northern outskirts of Upper Sandusky, Ohio. The church is surrounded by a cemetery and comprises one room. The interior is decorated with portraits of the missionary John Stewart and his Wyandot converts, as well as paintings of the church&#39;s services during the 19th century. At the front is a raised platform and pulpit. David Yonke wrote in 2009 that Christian and American flags stood on the platform alongside a Wyandot flag depicting a turtle, whose back Wyandots believe the world was created upon. On both sides of the platform are gray wooden doors with white crosses. The church contains hand-hewn log benches, pews of a dark walnut color, and a potbelly stove.</p><br>
<p>Henry Howe reported in 1847 that the Wyandot Mission Church was encircled by forest and stood in a small enclosure, and Ron Simon of News-Journal wrote in 1973 that it was sheltered by "old and graceful" trees. He thought the church "enjoy a quiet, almost melancholy setting".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1816, John Stewart, a Methodist son of slaves, traveled north of his home in Marietta, Ohio, after purportedly hearing a commandment from God. He met the Wyandots of Upper Sandusky, whom he began preaching and singing to in 1819. Many Wyandots respected him and converted to Methodism, including some influential chiefs. The Reverend James B. Finley joined Stewart soon after. Stewart died in 1823.</p><br>
<p>The Wyandot Mission Church was built in 1824 under Finley&#39;s direction. It was the first USA mission of the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC). Finley had traveled to Washington, D.C., with two chiefs to obtain its funds from the federal government. John C. Calhoun, a secretary of war, gave him permission, and the government granted him $1,333. President James Monroe suggested he use materials of such strength that the church would stand long after their deaths. The Wyandot Mission Church was built of blue limestone quarried from the Sandusky River and hauled by carts and oxen. The wood of its interior was cut from the Indian Mill a few miles away. For two decades, many Wyandots worshipped and learned at the church.</p><br>
<p>In 1843, as a result of the Indian Removal Act, the Wyandots were forced west into Kansas City, Kansas. Wyandots sold 109,000 acres of Ohioan land. They deeded the church&#39;s three acres to the MEC and requested they protect it from desecration. Methodists used the church and tended to its graves until 1847, but it was then abandoned, and eventually, its roof fell in and its walls crumbled.</p><br>
<p>In the 1870s, Reverend Nathanial N. B. C. Love became enamored with the Wyandot Mission Church. In 1888, the General Conference of the MEC allotted $2,000 to its restoration. Construction began the following year, to which he took part. Margaret Grey Eyes Solomon was the only removed Wyandot to attend; she had returned to Ohio in 1865. Solomon sang a Wyandot translation of the hymn "Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing".</p><br>
<p>The General Conference of the United Methodist Church (UMC) designated the Wyandot Mission Church a historical shrine in 1960. That decade, the local historian Thelma Marsh initiated tours of the church. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and is now maintained by the John Stewart United Methodist Church. Services have been held at the Wyandot Mission Church each summer since 1970. Until the 1973 season, attendance never fell below 50, and once reached 135. Tourists visited the church daily and often after services; the 1972 season recorded 5,000 in total. Services in 2009 drew between 30 and 96 people. The Wyandot Mission Church received a few hundred dollars annually from the West Ohio Conference of the UMC, though most maintenance funds came from donations during summer services. In 2019, the church&#39;s three acres of land were formally deeded back to the Wyandotte Nation.</p><br>
<p>The First Unitarian Church of Marietta is a historic Unitarian Universalist church in the city of Marietta, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1869, it uses a building constructed in 1858 for one of its two predecessor churches; this building&#39;s high-quality architecture has led to its designation as a historic site.</p><br>
<p>In January 1830, Nahum Ward published an advertisement in the Marietta Intelligencer seeking to find other friends of liberal religion, and the resulting group organized as a Unitarian church in the following month. Members laid the cornerstone of their building in July 1855, and by the time of the buildings dedication in June 1857, the congregation had paid approximately $25,000 for lot, materials, furnishings, and labor. The original form of the congregation ceased to exist in May 1869 at its merger with the citys Universalist church, which itself had been founded in 1817 but suffered severe damage to its property in an 1860 flood. The combined church took the name of "First Universalist Church of Marietta".</p><br>
<p>Built of brick on a stone foundation and featuring additional elements of stone, the First Unitarian Church is a Gothic Revival building. Pilasters divide the facade into three bay, with the doorway in the center, and the side is divided into five. The left bay of the facade, from the perspective of a viewer on the street, is occupied by the base of a square tower nearly twice the height of the rest of the building; while shorter windows in the tower and facade sit below similar second-story windows, and the side windows occupy the height of both stories, tall third-story windows are set near the top of the tower, and the pilasters on all four corners of the tower, similar to those on the rest of the building, are crowned with pointed pinnacles. The buildings general shape is that of a front-gable rectangle, with small-size crenellations atop the edges, and the Gothic Revival style is typified by the ogive windows and doorways in the facade and side. Constructed under the direction of architect John M. Slocomb, the building is one of the regions earliest extant Gothic Revival churches. Both stonework and brickwork were completed by local craftsmen, the bricks being made from clay extracted from Sacra Via, the ceremonial walls built by the Mound Builders near the edge of the Muskingum River.</p><br>
<p>In October 1973, the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its architecture and its close connection to Nahum Ward, who was deemed a significant resident of nineteenth-century Marietta. It was the last of four Marietta locations to be listed on the Register in 1973, following the Mound Cemetery Mound in February and the Wilcox-Mills House and Erwin Hall at Marietta College in April. It is also a part of the Marietta Historic District, listed on the Register in 1974, which embraces more than two thousand buildings across 900 acre of the city.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Reformed Church is a historic former Evangelical and Reformed Church congregation near the village of Navarre in Stark County, Ohio, United States. Established in the 1830s, it remained in existence into the 1990s, and while it has since withered away into nonexistence, its early twentieth-century church building survives and has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>A German Reformed church was active in Bethlehem Township by the 1810s, and St. Paul&#39;s Church was organized in 1835. The original church building was constructed in 1845 and stood for nearly seventy years; when it burned in 1913, the present church was constructed on the same site.</p><br>
<p>Gothic Revival in style, the church is a brick building with stucco-covered roof, set on a foundation of a mix of brick and concrete. The building sits atop a small hill, with stairs rising both to the side and the front of the building. Its main entrance is set in a square tower with lancet windows in the second story, while the principal portion of the building is a rectangular building rising to a gable. Brick buttresses split the exterior into several bays, some wider than others; the narrow bays are continuous, while wide ogive windows and smaller rectangular windows pierce the wider bays.</p><br>
<p>In the early twentieth century, St. Paul&#39;s was the social center for the small unincorporated community of Smoketown, and the church membership roll comprised hundreds of names, but both community and church have dwindled; every Smoketown business has closed, and while the congregation remained active into the 1990s, it is no longer active. By the late 2000s, only one previous member remained active, spending church money and his own funds to keep the building in repair, although the building was no longer in use aside from occasional weddings. The church cemetery is also maintained, cared for by the township. In 2006, the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. It is one of four Register-listed locations in the vicinity of Navarre, along with the Loew-Define Grocery Store and Home, the Rochester Square Historic District, and the Stahl-Hoagland House.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary&#39;s Catholic Church is a historic Catholic church building in the city of Massillon, Ohio, United States. Constructed in 1876 for a congregation composed largely of European immigrants, it has been named a historic site. The parish remains an active part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The origins of St. Mary parish lie among numerous Germans and Irish who settled in Massillon in its early years and built a small house of worship on Cherry Road in the 1840s. This building stood until 1875, when it was destroyed so that the present church might occupy its location; it was built in 1876. The designer was Leon Beaver, a Dayton architect. He was assisted in design and in stonecarving by Massillon resident John Verment, who later designed St. Joseph&#39;s Catholic Church elsewhere in Massillon.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>Built primarily of sandstone, St. Mary&#39;s is a high Gothic Revival structure with a facade of two nearly identical towers and a Latin cross floor plan. The entire building measures 185 ft from north to south and 85 ft on the sides. Sculptures are placed in small alcoves on the second stories of the towers and at the peak of the front gable, while windows and belfries occupy the higher stories of the towers. The main entrance comprises three adjacent portals underneath a large rose window at the center of the facade. Both the buttresses and the corners of the towers rise to decorative finials, while a large cross crowns the front gable.</p><br>
<h2>National shrine of St. Dymphna</h2><br>
<p>In addition to its usual functions as a parish church, St. Marys houses a shrine to St. Dymphna, a medieval Irish virgin martyr, although the shrine needed a complete reconstruction after being destroyed in a 2015 fire. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in early 1979, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. It is one of four Massillon churches with this designation, along with First Methodist Church, John Verments St. Josephs Catholic Church, and St. Timothys Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<h3>2015 fire and repairs</h3><br>
<p>In 4 August 2015, a fire destroyed the chapel that contained the Shrine of St Dymphna within St. Marys Catholic Church, as well as the parishs baptistry. The fire may have been caused by a woman who was given permission by the priest to stay after Mass and take photographs of the church. Following the fire, the neighboring St. Pauls Lutheran Church held a prayer service, which was officiated by the clergymen of St. Marys Catholic Church and St. Pauls Lutheran Church. The same St. Pauls Lutheran Church offered its church to the congregation of St. Marys Catholic Church while the latter communitys church building was being repaired. The Catholic Exponent, the official publication of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown commented on the situation, stating that:</p><br>
<p>St. Louis Church is a historic Roman Catholic church in Louisville, Ohio. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1870–75 in a French Gothic/High Victorian Gothic style. It is rectangular, 60x130 ft in plan, with two square 100 ft tall towers. It served a community of French Catholic immigrants who left eastern France in 1826 and settled here. A brick church was built by 1838, which was demolished in 1869 to make room for the present church which was completed in 1875. It was designed by parish priest Father Louis Hoffer reportedly after the design of a small village cathedral in France. Its interior was designed by Cleveland architect Frank Walsh.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Lutheran Church is a historic former Lutheran church in downtown Canton, Ohio, United States. Built in the 1880s for a flourishing congregation, it closed in the early 2010s, leaving behind a church building that has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Canton&#39;s oldest Lutheran congregation, later designated First, was the parent congregation of Trinity; the pioneer members left First to organize a congregation to worship in English. Their new congregation was officially established in November 1838.</p><br>
<p>The church is primarily Romanesque Revival in style, reflecting the preferences of architect Guy Tilden, but the wishes of the church&#39;s building committee prompted him to include Gothic Revival elements. The appearance is dominated by the bell tower, 60 ft tall, while other major elements include a porte-cochere and the ornate stained glass windows. Few Canton buildings exhibit Romanesque Revival architecture of comparable quality.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1886, Trinity is the oldest of Tildens surviving designs in Canton. Its foundation is stone, with an asphalt roof and sandstone walls. The bell tower, located on the left from the perspective of a viewer across the street, features an entrance in the base and tall ogive windows that extend for the majority of the towers height. Smaller ogive windows pierce the top section of the tower, which is crowned by a steep pyramidal roof. The main section of the church includes a street-facing gable at the center, while another entrance and the porte-cochere are located on the viewers right. These components are designed in a manner reminiscent of the original Romanesque style, with elements such as the imitation cloister-style windows in the center of the facade and the increased thickness of the walls as one approaches the ground evoking the appearance of the original style. The buildings overall footprint measures 70 ft by 180 ft.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, Trinity was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its important architecture and because of its place in community history. It was the first of several Tilden-designed buildings given this distinction; two years later, several others (including the downtown Bender&#39;s Restaurant) were also added to the Register through the multiple property submission process. However, landmark status was unable to preserve the congregation indefinitely: in late 2010, the members voted to disorganize their church, following a period of decline that resulted in average Sunday worship attendance of just thirty people. After the congregation closed, the building was purchased by a local developer with plans to convert it into a wedding chapel.</p><br>
<p>The East Market Street Church of Christ is a historic former church building in Akron, Ohio, United States. Built in 1912 and one of the oldest Akron Plan churches in existence, it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<p>The Akron architectural firm of Harpster & Bliss, foremost in their field in the early twentieth century, designed the church building in an early form of the Akron Plan. Developed by inventor Lewis Miller, the distinctive floor plan consists of a central sanctuary surrounded by Sunday school rooms. The citys earliest (and thus earliest in the world) Akron Plan churches have not survived, leaving the 1912 East Market Street church as the oldest such church in the city; into the late twentieth century, it was the citys oldest Akron Plan church still in use as a church.</p><br>
<p>East Market Street is a two-story brick building with walls laid in Flemish bond. The Neoclassical structure rests on a stone foundation and is covered with an asphalt roof, and terracotta is used for some detailing. Its facade comprises a pedimented two-column central portico, with stairs providing access from the sidewalk to the recessed central entrance. The corners of the facade are ordinary walls, comparable to those on the side, with rectangular windows on the first story and arched windows on the second. A basement faces the parking lot on the northwestern side, with an at-grade entrance near the front of the building.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, the East Market Street Church of Christ was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. Critical to this designation was its relatively little changed interior; aside from being the oldest unmodified Akron Plan church in the city, it was one of just two surviving anywhere citywide. At the time, it was still home to the church that had built it, although the congregation has since merged with another Disciples church; the combined congregation worships on Akron&#39;s Darrow Road, and the building at 864 Market Street has become home to the Summit Academy Secondary School, an alternative school. It occasionally remains in use for non-academic purposes, hosting events such as the November 2014 funeral of a police officer shot a few blocks away.</p><br>
<p>A portion of the City of Ferndale was designated a State Historic Landmark  in 1975 by the California State Parks Office of Historic Preservation. Ferndale&#39;s Main Street Historic District was established in 1994 by the National Park Service and placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Two distinct architectural phases are represented: late 19th century Victorian architecture, 1880 to 1890 and the early Modern period of the 20th century, 1920 to 1936. Eastlake-Stick style buildings by Architect T.J. Frost are particularly well represented as are Italianate, Queen Anne, Neo-Classic, Bungalow, and Mission styles.</p><br>
<p>The Ferndale Main Street Historic District covers 46 acres, includes 39 contributing buildings and one object, the Town Clock.</p><br>
<p>Six other Historic Landmarks, the Shaw House, the Berding House, the Catholic Church of the Assumption Rectory, Ferndale Public Library and the Alford-Nielson House are within the city limits. The Fern Cottage Historic District and F. W. Andreasen–John Rossen House are slightly out of town.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<h3>Legoland Model Replica</h3><br>
<p>Many of Ferndale&#39;s buildings have been recreated at the Legoland California theme park – the only American small town represented alongside New York, San Francisco, Las Vegas and other nationally known locations. Ferndale was settled by many Danes, and Lego is a Danish company. In 1995, Legoland staff took hundreds of photos in Ferndale, and used over 1 million Lego bricks to recreate the town in the Miniland section of the park.</p><br>
<h3>Films and Movies</h3><br>
<p>Ferndales historic Main Street has been shown in television and movies since the 1960s. The street is featured in movies like The Majestic, Outbreak, Salems Lot and A Death in Canaan.</p><br>
<p>St. Bernard&#39;s Church is a historic stone masonry church at 44 University Avenue in Akron, Ohio.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original church was built in 1861, on the current site of the National Inventors Hall of Fame STEM High School. The cornerstone was laid in 1901 before construction is 1902. The current church building was begun in 1902, and opened in 1905. The church&#39;s interior was decorated by Rambusch Decorating Company.</p><br>
<p>It features a German Baroque Romanesque style. St. Bernard Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The church was designed by noted Akron-born architect William P. Ginther, whose legacy of prominent Catholic church buildings is particularly robust in his native Ohio and neighboring states. The church features symmetrical massing, monochromatic stone, and round semi-circular arches. The building also features recessed windows and rock-faced exterior walls, which is consistent with Richardsonian Romanesque style.</p><br>
<p>St. Pauls Sunday School and Parish House was erected at the corner of at East Market and Forge Streets in Akron, Ohio, for $35,000 in 1884-85 by the St. Pauls Episcopal Church located at 1361 West Market Street. It was built primarily to serve as a Sunday school and parish house, but also as a sanctuary. After closing its doors as a church, the building served as the Firestone Conservatory of Music at the University of Akron until the addition of Guzzetta Hall to the university&#39;s campus in 1976. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places that same year.</p><br>
<p>On April 18, 2018, a fire broke out inside St. Paul&#39;s at approximately 11:30 p.m., causing significant damage to the building. Emergency crews responding to the scene of a three alarm fire spent most of the night and part of the next day extinguishing the flames. The building, though owned by the University of Akron, had sat vacant and unused since 2006. The cause of the fire was determined to be unknown and the historic structure a loss.</p><br>
<p>On July 21, 2021 The University of Akron (Ohio) announced it had accepted a bid to purchase the property from a local developer who intends to preserve the buildings.</p><br>
<p>The First Methodist Episcopal Church of Pokagon  is a historic church at 61041 Vermont Street in Pokagon Township, Michigan. It is the location of the first performance of the hymn "The Old Rugged Cross." The church was listed as a Michigan State Historic Site in 2000 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Methodist circuit-riders began holding religious services in Pokagon Township in the 1830s. In 1840, a class was organized in Sumnerville. Eventually, the First Methodist Episcopal Church of Pokagon was organized.</p><br>
<p>In approximately 1862, this building was constructed as a hop barn. In 1876, the First Methodist Episcopal Church of Pokagon purchased the building and enlarged and remodeled it into a church. A belfry (now gone) was added, as were pointed-head windows, stained glass, and interior pews.</p><br>
<p>In 1913, the churchs pastor Rev. Leroy Bostwick invited his friend. the Rev. George Bennard, to Pokagon to assist in a series of revival meetings at the church. At the meeting, the church choir performed Bennards newly penned hymn, "The Old Rugged Cross;" it was the first time the hymn was performed in public. Afterward, the Reverend and Mrs. Bostwick financed the first printing of the "Old Rugged Cross," and it quickly became one of the most popular hymns in the United States.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, the congregation purchased the nearby Baptist church, selling this church to John Phillips, who used it as a storage barn. It finished in 2021.</p><br>
<p>In 2013 the church received a Governor&#39;s Award for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The First Methodist Episcopal Church of Pokagon is a rectangular, two-story vernacular building measuring 90 ft by 28 ft. It has a gable roof and horizontal bevel-edge siding. A gabled entryway projects from the front facade, and pointed-head windows line the sides. Inside, a flat-ceilinged sanctuary takes up most of the space, with a kitchen at the rear. A Sunday school area is located above the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>Smith&#39;s Chapel, also known as Smith Chapel, is a historic chapel located at 29858 Redfield Road in Milton Township, Cass County, Michigan, near Niles. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1979 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The chapel is the oldest known church building in Cass County, and probably the oldest in southwest Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cannon Smith, the son of George and Sophia Cannon Smith, was born in 1782. He settled in this location in 1829 after moving from his previous home in Delaware. In 1831, traveling Methodist circuit preachers established classes at Smith&#39;s home. This led to the organization of the first Methodist church in Milton Township in 1839.</p><br>
<p>In 1840, the congregation hired James Taylor, a carpenter and joiner, to construct this church building at a cost of $1200. Cannon Smith donated the land, and contributed substantially toward the construction of the church. Because of these contributions, the church was named "Smith&#39;s Chapel".</p><br>
<p>The surrounding cemetery grounds were purchased in 1872. In 1879, contractor W. S. Beswick was hired to remodel the church. The church was used regularly until 1967, and in 1972 Milton Township purchased the structure. In 2008, the chapel underwent substantial restoration. In 2013, the township owned the chapel, with the surrounding cemetery grounds owned by a non-profit organization, Smith Chapel Cemetery Inc. The building was available for rental as a wedding and funeral chapel. In November 2018 the township sold the chapel and grounds to private citizens, who subsequently made restorations.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Smith&#39;s Chapel is a single-story wood frame post-and-beam chapel with clapboard siding and a gable roof on a fieldstone foundation. It measures 40 x, with a hallway 8 ft wide across the front, and a 40 x sanctuary. A gabled entrance is on one end with an oculus above. The sides contain round-arch windows with wooden hood molds. Attached to rear of the chapel is a gable-roof, clapboard-sided privy. Cemetery grounds are located near the chapel, containing primarily stone (and one zinc) monuments.</p><br>
<p>Grace Episcopal Church is a historic church at 360 East Chicago Street in Jonesville, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. It is one of the first church buildings constructed in Michigan west of Detroit, and is one of the few surviving examples of indigenous church architecture in the state.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1833, the Episcopal missionary William N. Lyster left Ireland for the United States, and eventually became the restor of a mission in Tecumseh, Michigan. From there, he traveled throughout southern Michigan to minister to isolated communities; in 1836 he held the first church service in Jonesville. Two years later, a parish was organized by Darius Barker. In 1844, the congregation began constructing this church; it was completed on November 15, 1848, at a cost of $3,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, an old schoolhouse was moved to the site of the church to serve as a parish hall.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Grace Episcopal Church is a 1-1/2 story rectangular Greek Revival frame structure covered in clapboard. The building has a single-story projecting entry vestibule, atop which is a square tower which intersects with the main structure. Square pilasters run up each corner of the building, and both the entry projection and the main structure are topped with a gable roof.</p><br>
<p>Gothic double-arched lancet windows line the sides of the building, providing the building with a somewhat rare mix of Greek Revival and Gothic styles. Similar single-arched windows are on each side of the entry vestibule.</p><br>
<p>Black walnut paneling lined the interior, and the pews are constructed of the same wood.</p><br>
<p>Sherman City Union Church is a historic church at 11429 West Vernon Road in Sherman City, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1979 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area around Sherman City was first settled in 1866. In 1869, a small log store was erected in what is now Sherman City, and the settlement itself was platted in 1870. John T. Cahoon built the first of several sawmills in the area in 1879, and the population boomed as the increase in local lumber trade increased. A tornado in 1878 destroyed much of the town, but by the next year it had been substantially rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>The Sherman City Union Church was built in 1885 by William L. Shupe as a meeting hall for the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) Post 77. In 1898, the building was moved to the present site, and renovations began to outfit it as a nondenominational church. By 1904, renovations were complete, and the building was in service for regular services by multiple denominations. The church was also used for holiday services, weddings and funerals, and nonreligious social activities such as quilting bees and ice cream socials.</p><br>
<p>However, lumbering declined in the early 1900s, and the town began declining along with it. Other commercial and social structures in the town were torn down one by one. The church itself was in use sporadically until at least 1956, but was finally abandoned in about 1960. The church and a scattering of houses are all that remain of Sherman City.</p><br>
<p>However, in 1977-78 the church was rescued and refurbished by local citizens. The cedar roof was reshingled, new windows were installed, and new clapboard siding was attached. The belfry was reconstructed, and the interior cleaned and pews replaced.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Sherman City Union Church is a -story frame structure covered with clapboard. A two-story tower, located in the center of the front facade, has a pyramidal belfry with open sides. The entrance is at the base of the tower, through a set of double doors below a transom. A large semicircular lunette is set above the doors. The sides of the church have unusual triangular topped narrow windows.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, vertical boards cover the walls and pressed tin covers the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Episcopal Church is a historic church at 206 W. Maple Street in Mount Pleasant, Michigan. It was built in 1882 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>St. John’s Episcopal Church is a member of the Episcopal Diocese of Western Michigan and the Episcopal Church (United States). Originally begun as a mission in 1876, the church was built in 1882. It is the oldest existing Mount Pleasant church building that is still used for worship today.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Known locally as “the church with the red doors,” St. John’s was initially established as a mission church in 1876 by circuit riders. The church’s cornerstone was laid in 1882. All the building materials for the church were donated by local businessman William N. Brown, with the bricks made at his own yard, lumber from his sawmill, and the excavation and finishing work completed by his employees.</p><br>
<p>St. John’s is the oldest surviving active place of worship in Mount Pleasant, Michigan. The Rt. Rev. George De Normandie Gillespie, first Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Western Michigan, consecrated the church on January 10, 1884. In 1996, the church building underwent extensive restoration and renovations, much of which was completed by parishioners.</p><br>
<h2>Building description</h2><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Episcopal Church is a single story, white-painted brick building with a steep gable roof, measuring 92 feet by 32 feet. The shed-roofed front entryway projects from the facade of the church, and is reached via a staircase. The interior is reached through a pair of entry doors with sharp upper points. The two sides of the church contain English Gothic recessed stained glass windows spaced at regular intervals.</p><br>
<p>The church interior was modeled on the Riding House at Bolsover Castle in Bolsover, England. The floor is wood and tongue-in-groove wainscoting lines the walls. The vaulted ceiling has heavy wood beams. All liturgical appointments, including the pulpit, lectern, altar, and altar rail, are made of maple.</p><br>
<h2>Historical Marker</h2><br>
<p>St. John’s was registered with the State of Michigan&#39;s Historical Marker Program and received a historical marker in 1972. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Women’s Guild</h2><br>
<p>The Women’s Guild at St. John’s, originally called the Ladies’ Guild, existed from 1886 to 1974. The Women’s Guild was largely responsible for keeping the church going during rough times and paying the bills.</p><br>
<h2>Notable priests</h2><br>
<p>The Rev. John H. Rippey, M.D., served as acting rector of several churches on a circuit, including St. John’s, from 1887 through 1910. His work at the church, and the lives of parishioners are documented in a journal and parish registry book, 1887-1911, and three scrapbooks, 1874-1935, and undated, as well as in two handwritten services from July 1908.</p><br>
<p>Rev. John H. Goodrow served as rector at St. John’s from 1962 until his sudden death in 1985. Rev. Goodrow was very aware of those in need in the community and privately assisted many through the help of wealthier friends in the local oil community. During his tenure, he strongly supported "Food with Friends," a Commission on Aging program that provided nightly meals in the parish hall for community members. He was also responsible for many other community outreach initiatives, including the St. John’s Emergency Food Program.</p><br>
<p>The Goodrow Fund at St. John’s was established and named in his honor (in 1986?). The Fund’s intent is “to provide emergency assistance, including food, shelter, clothing, medicine, gasoline, or other support. This fund maintains a particular interest in serving the special needs of community members... not met or fulfilled by other community resources.” Because of its community outreach via the Goodrow Fund, St. John’s was recognized by the Episcopal Church (United States) as a Jubilee Ministry, or a ministry which “engages congregations in the important work of empowering people to change their lives.”</p><br>
<h2>Music program</h2><br>
<p>St. John’s has for many years had a music program. The choir and organist perform a range of music from early plainsong to modern pieces, some of which have been commissioned for the church. The church funds four choral students from Central Michigan University’s School of Music who sing with the choir. Over time, choirs have included a men and boys’ choir, various children’s choirs, and a mixed adult choir.</p><br>
<h2>Organ</h2><br>
<p>Since 1972 the church has had a Gabriel Kney tracker pipe organ.</p><br>
<h2>Center for Christian Spirituality</h2><br>
<p>The Center for Christian Spirituality was established at St. John’s in 2008 for the purpose of helping people develop a deeper relationship with God. Various workshops and presentations have included quiet days for laity and clergy, Celtic Christianity, Aging and Spirituality, Native American spirituality, Spirituality and Work, and a study of Handel’s Messiah, among others.</p><br>
<p>Lake Shore Chapel is a historic chapel on Shorewood Road at the junction with Campbell Road in Douglas, Michigan. It was built in 1904 and added to the National Register in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1896, a summer cottage colony was established near this location by D. O. Barto and William Angus Douglass of Oak Park, Illinois. They purchased lots, built cottages, and were followed by other residents of Oak Park - particularly those from the First Presbyterian Church there - followed suit. In 1897, Professor Lucius E. Sayre of the University of Kansas also established a cottage nearby, and several other university families did the same. In 1899, a small group of people both from both the Oak Park church and the University of Kansas purchased 500 feet of shoreline and christened it "the Knolls." In 101, a larger group purchased and platted one quarter mile of lake frontage just north of the Knolls as "Shorewood." These early cottagers organized their own Sunday school in 1900, and in 1903 decided to construct a chapel.</p><br>
<p>Property was donated for the chapel, and plans obtained from Atlanta architect Harry L. Walker. The chapel was substantially built over the spring of 1904 by Grand Rapids contractor J. B. Ackerman, and the first Sunday school class met in the building in early July. Final details took a short while longer, and a permanent Lake Shore Chapel organization was founded in August.</p><br>
<p>A bell tower was constructed in 1925. Although the chapel was originally designed to house both adult worshipers and Sunday school, it was not a satisfactory arrangement due to noise. In 1947/48, the congregation built a separate Sunday school building, designed by Saugatuck architect Carl Hoerman to closely match the original chapel.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Lake Shore Chapel is a simple one-story hip-roof wood-frame chapel building, measuring approximately 51 feet by 31 feet. The building is L-shaped, with large entrance doors in the angle of the L. The building is clad with clapboards and contains large casement windows. A cupola is located on the asphalt-shingled roof. The interior of the chapel has unfinished walls and a ceiling covered with narrow boarding.</p><br>
<p>A small freestanding bell tower and a separate Children&#39;s Chapel, matching in style and construction, are located nearby.</p><br>
<p>Oakwood Cemetery Chapel is a historic chapel on Arbor Street in Allegan, Michigan. It was built in 1920 and added to the National Register in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Alexander L. Ely, one of Allegans early proprietors, gave the land for Oakwood Cemetery to the city early in the citys history. The original tract was added onto in 1873. In 1920, the cemetery hired E. Haines to construct this building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Oakwood Chapel is a brown brick building with a hipped roof that extends outward from the building to form a porte cochere. The building has Gothic windows with raised brick, and contains an office, a crypt, and the main chapel.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>Oakwood Cemetery itself is the burial place of US Congressmen Clare Eugene Hoffman (1875–1967) and William Brewster Williams (1826–1905) and Civil War general Benjamin Dudley Pritchard (1835–1907).</p><br>
<p>Old Wing Mission  is a historic building at 5298 147th Ave. in Holland, Michigan. It is the oldest surviving house in the township.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1839, Rev. George Smith, a Vermont native, established Christian mission to the local Ottawas at this site. The mission was funded by the Presbyterian Church of Michigan through an Allegan-based Indian mission society. Smith originally built a log cabin for his family near this site. In 1844, local settler Isaac Fairbanks began the construction of this house for Smith. Smith&#39;s family moved into the house in 1846.</p><br>
<p>In 1848 Michigan suffered from a smallpox epidemic that affected the entire community of people. In consideration of the massive influx settlers into the Ottawa County area, Chief Peter Waukazoo and Reverend George Smith decided to move the community as well as the Holland-area Ottawa Mission from Holland up to Northport (on the Leelanau Peninsula) using boats and canoes. Smith abandoned this house; it was purchased a few years later by Isaac Fairbanks. Fairbanks eventually moved into a brick house nearby, and in 1886, Isaac&#39;s oldest son, Albert Fairbanks, moved into the place and added a wing onto the house. He added a second wing about 1914. Albert lived here until his death in 1914. His son Austin lived here until his own death in 1950.</p><br>
<p>The house was then sold to Andrew Vinstra, who modernized the interior. The house was eventually used as a bed and breakfast, known as the Old Wing Inn. The mission building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 and is currently surrounded by industrial developments. Robert and Carole Pavloski purchased the house in 2003, and as of November 2011 the building was listed for sale.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Old Wing Mission is a 1-1/2 story end-gable Greek Revival structure, with single-story additions on three sides. The original house is rectangular, measuring 24 feet by 30 feet, clad with clapboards and having plain cornerboards and above a cornice with returns.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the original house contained a parlor, bedroom, and kitchen on the first floor and three bedrooms on the second floor. With the c. 1886 addition, the kitchen was turned into a dining room, and the addition housed the new kitchen, a living room, and another bedroom. The 1903 addition houses an office and utility room, and allowed expansion of the dining room. In 1953, the 1886 addition was turned into a separate apartment.</p><br>
<p>South Berrien Center Union Church and Cemetery is a historic church and cemetery at 10408 M-140 in Berrien Township, Michigan. It was built in 1858 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Berrien Township was first settled by Europeans in 1827, and by the 1850s there were nearly 1000 residents. Berrien Center was established in 1857 as the site of the township&#39;s only post office. That same year, a union church organization, known as the "Union Church District," was founded by local residents for the purpose of establishing a permanent cemetery and construct a church accessible to multiple Protestant denominations. The organization purchased two acres of land at this site, and contracted with H.W. Rugg of Niles to construct a church. The church was dedicated in July 1858. Additional acreage for the cemetery was purchased in 1869, and by the end of the 19th century the grounds had expanded to the current 5.5 acre.</p><br>
<p>The church served a number of denominations, including the Methodist Episcopal society, Dunkards, and the Berrien Centre Free Will Baptist Church. The Union Church Aid Society was founded in 1891 to maintain the church, and has been responsible for the building since that time. However, the various congregations dissolved or joined other churches, and the last regular service held in the church was around 1919. However, repairs and renovations have been made to the church, including new pews in 1916, new concrete front steps in 1925, and the addition of electricity in 1956. Today the Union Church Aid Society still maintains the church building, and Berrien Township has assumed management and maintenance of the cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Union Church is a wooden Greek Revival structure on a rubble foundation measuring 52 feet by 36 feet. The church is covered with clapboard and has a gabled roof with classical cornices with returns and is topped with a square open plan belfry. A flight of concrete steps leads to the front center entrance, which is a pair of double doors flanked by pilasters. A second entry at grade level is at the rear. The church has seven double hing windows (two in front, three on one side and two on the other).</p><br>
<p>On the interior, there is a vestibule near the entrance and a main auditorium with plaster walls and wooden flooring. The auditorium has two rows of pews, with additional hinged seating built into the side walls. In front is a pulpit in a raised floor.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery grounds are laid out in rectangular form, with three lanes providing access. Maple and blue spruce trees are planted in the cemetery. Monuments in the cemetery date from the latter half of the 19th century through the 20th century, and include predominantly marble and granite monuments, but also a few concrete and bronze ones.</p><br>
<p>First Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 52 Marshall Street in Coldwater, Michigan. Built 1866–1869, it is a Michigan State Historic Site  and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The First Presbyterian Church was organized in 1837, the year Coldwater was incorporated as a village. The group did not have permanent facilities until the erection of its first church building in 1844. Construction of the current historic structure began in 1866 and finished in 1869. John C. Bennett served as contractor, and the building cost $40,104. Around the time of its construction, the church had the largest seating capacity of any building in Coldwater, and so was often used as a public auditorium. Notable speakers included Sojourner Truth in 1877 and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.</p><br>
<p>From 1958 through 1959, a two-story addition was built for an educational role. The steeple was reconstructed in 2004, funded by community donations.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church was designed in the Romanesque Revival style, and is the largest such church in Branch County. The red brick building is rectangular with a gable roof and a projecting, centrally aligned tower. A sandstone belt course divides the largely-above-ground basement from the sanctuary. The steeple, which stands 185 ft tall, is a major landmark in Coldwater and is one of the tallest in southern Michigan. It is covered with white shingles and features two sets of narrow gabled dormers. The belfry houses a bell manufactured in 1853 by the Meneely Bell Foundry of West Troy, New York. The sanctuary&#39;s stained and painted glass windows were installed in 1868, created by George A. Misch and Brothers of Chicago.</p><br>
<p>Central Methodist Episcopal Church  is a United States historic church at 111 E. Spruce Street in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Methodist missionaries arrived in Sault Ste. Marie in 1833. Clarke soon travelled on to the Keweenaw Peninsula, and was succeeded by Rev. W. H. Brockway. Brockway was succeeded in 1843 by Rev. John H. Pitzel, ho stayed in the area until 1860. The mission was closed in 1864. Methodism essentially disappeared in the Sault until 1873, when Rev. Isaac Johnson was appointed to the area. Johnson formally established a Methodist congregation that year.</p><br>
<p>The first church building, only 20 ft by 40 ft, was soon constructed on Portage Avenue. It was eventually moved to the site of the present church on Spruce. However, the congregation continued to grow, and the small church building underwent several expansions, including a large addition to the rear of the structure.</p><br>
<p>Still, by 1890, it was apparent that the congregation needed additional space, and it was determined that a new building was required. It was felt that the then-new church built in Owosso was of excellent design, and the Sault Ste. Marie congregation therefore hired the architect, Dillon P. Clark of Bay City, to design the new church. The original church was moved to the other side of Spruce Street, where it still stands, and construction of the new church began in 1892. The church was dedicated on July 1, 1894.</p><br>
<p>Three fires have occurred in the church. The first was in 1904, and completely destroyed the interior which had been refurbished the year before. A second, smaller fire occurred in 1934. A third fire occurred in 1941 during a World War II blackout. The interior of the church was again heavily damaged in this fire. However, despite interior damage, the exterior of the church remains almost unchanged from the original appearance.</p><br>
<p>Extensive repairs were made to the church in the mid-1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Sault Ste. Marie Central United Methodist Church is a multi-story Richardsonian Romanesque structure constructed of red sandstone discarded after an earlier, failed, attempt to construct a canal. with a broad roof and smaller gables attached to the main structure. The structure measures 75 ft by 108 ft, and with three balconies can seat 1200 people. A large square tower with pyramidal roof is located in one corner; the tower contains unique arched windows on the first story and tall louvered windows on the upper levels. A circular turret with arched detail underneath its eaves is located on the opposite corner of the south facade. Between the tower and turret, small doorways on each side of a central pavilion are used to enter the church. The east facade includes a large set of stained glass in round head windows. A dark red stone beltcourse encircles the building. A two-story annex of modern design is attached in the rear.</p><br>
<p>First United Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 309 Lyon Street in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>The original church building was constructed in 1902 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. That building was destroyed by fire in 2000 and rebuilt 2002. As of 2012, the congregation is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA).</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The first Presbyterian presence in Sault Ste. Marie came in 1823, when divinity student Robert McMurtrie Laird was assigned to minister to the troops stationed at Fort Brady. Laird, however, was unhappy with the area and ill-suited for his responsibilities, and left in early 1824. There Porter founded the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, and ministered to that congregation for he rest of his life. However, when Porter left Sault Ste. Marie, the congregation there withered.</p><br>
<p>Finally, in 1853, Charles T. Harvey of the St. Mary&#39;s Fall Ship Canal Company revived the church and requested a new pastor. Rev. William McCullough was assigned to minister to the Sault, and in 1854 a new church was constructed and the congregation was formally organized, making it the first such church in the Upper Peninsula. However, McCullough soon contacted pneumonia and died, leaving the congregation once more without a pastor. The congregation dwindled yet again, until in 1860 there were only six members.</p><br>
<p>In 1864, however, the congregation hired Rev. Thomas R. Easterday. Easterday was considered quite liberal, and the church grew quickly under his leadership, growing to around 200 people. In about 1872, the congregation rebuilt the church. However, in 1882, Easterday suffered a stroke and retired from active ministry, although he lived and participated in the community until his death in 1927.</p><br>
<p>The church went through a series of pastors over the next few years, with Alexander P. Danskin serving from 1882 to 1886, Rev. Harlan Page Corey serving from 1886 to 1890, Rev. George W. Luther serving from 1890 to 1894, and C.P. Bates serving from 1894 to 1901. During the early 1890s, the congregation bought a parcel of land, where the present church now stands, with the intention of erecting a new building in which to worship, the fourth such for the congregation.</p><br>
<p>Rev. James A. Kennedy served the church from 1902 to 1912. Preliminary work on the church building, including obtaining a design from architect Edward Demar, had already been completed. In August 1902, only four months after his arrival, Kennedy laid the cornerstone of the church. Construction was completed, and the building dedicated, on Easter Sunday 1903.</p><br>
<h2>1903 building description</h2><br>
<p>The First Presbyterian Church was a Romanesque Revival structure built of Jacobsville Sandstone. The main structure had a hip roof with two square towers with pyramid roofs, each containing entrances on their bases. A metal cornice topped each tower. The structure had a metal roof painted green to mimic tile. A wooden belt course ran across the front facade, and modern brick stairs approached the entryways. Inside the church, the gallery was shaped like a horseshoe, and the auditorium had a central pulpit with a choir area and organ behind. A 1957-58 educational wing was attached to the rear of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>Rev. Robert A. Bartlett took over from Kennedy, and served the congregation from 1912 to 1919. Rev. R. Stanley Brown served from 1919 to 1925, Dr. John VerStraate served from 1925 to 1949, and Rev. David McClean served from 1949 to 1959. During his tenure an educational wing was constructed and new steps added to the church. Dr. Joseph Blackburn served from 1960 to 1971, Dr. James D. Lyman served from 1972 to 1981, Rev. John Kipp served from 1981 to 1987, and Rev. David Henderson served from 1988 to 2008.</p><br>
<p>However, on Sunday, May 7, 2000, the church building caught fire and burned to the ground. The fire likely originated from faulty electrical wire. Only a few items from the 1903 church were salvageable, including official church records, some of the dishes and silver, some of the stained glass windows, and some furniture, including a pew originally installed in the 1854 church.</p><br>
<p>Although insurenace did not cover the cost of a new building, a decision was made to rebuild. A new church was constructed to replace the 1903 structure, located on the same site. Ground was broken on July 22, 2001; the cornerstone was laid September 30, 2002, and the first service was held in the structure August 10, 2003.</p><br>
<p>After Rev. David Henderson retired in 2008, Dr. Richard Bates became the interim pastor, and in 2010 Rev. Mark Gabbard was installed as a permanent pastor. The church continues to serve Sault Ste. Marie.</p><br>
<p>Saint James&#39; Episcopal Church is a historic church at 533 Bingham Avenue in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1832, an Episcopal mission was established in Sault Ste. Marie. The mission was in existence for only a few years until it was discontinued. In 1880, the Rt. Rev. S. S. Harris, Bishop of Michigan, visited the city and arranged for the commencement of Episcopal services. A mission was established later that year, and a permanent church building opened in late 1881. By 1885, the congregation had grown enough to be incorporated as a parish. The congregation continued growing, and soon the original church proved inadequate and plans were made to construct a new building.</p><br>
<p>The current St. James&#39; Episcopal Church was built in 1902-03 during a boom in canal building in Sault Ste Marie. The construction of the church left the congregation heavily in debt, and the cost of building the church was not paid off until 1919. The church itself was consecrated on April 17, 1919.</p><br>
<p>A new organ was installed in 1926. In 1952, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the building, the church was extensively refurbished. The church is still used by the congregation as of 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St. James&#39; Episcopal Church is a Late Gothic Revival structure built in a cruciform plan. A square tower sits at one front corner. The exterior walls are constructed of red-brown sandstone with red sandstone trim. Groups of three arched windows are located in the clerestories The street front and transepts each contain a large Gothic-arched window.</p><br>
<p>The interior contains hammered ceiling beams and hand carved figures of the four Evangelists on the reredos. The church also contains four Tiffany stained glass windows; the west window, featuring the apostles, is the third largest stained glass window in the state.</p><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church is a historic church located at 110 S. Main Street in Vermontville, Michigan. It was built in 1862 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, and is part of the Historic American Buildings Survey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Vermontville was settled in the 1830s by a group from East Poultney, Vermont who were followers of the Congregational minister Sylvester Cochrane. Cochrane established the First Congregational Church of Vermontville in 1837, and served as its first pastor for five years. At first, the congregation held services in private homes, and then moved to a new log schoolhouse. In 1844 they built the two-story Vermontville Chapel and Academy to serve as both a church and an academy. In 1861, Rev. Orange H. Spoor came to the pastorate, and the congregation quickly grew. In 1862, the congregation began work on this building, for use by the church and society. Due to a dispute over wages, the church was not completed until 1864.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church is a white rectangular, one-story building with a gable roof, corner buttresses, and a central square entrance tower topped with a belfry and an octagonal spire that reaches approximately 110 feet. It has a gable roof and sits on a rubble foundation. The church measures sixty feet six inches by forty feet. There is a double paneled entry door in the base of the tower. Two semi-circular arched windows in square heads are in the front of the church, and four windows are along each side of the building.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the church has an entry vestibule leading to a rectangular auditorium with a gallery above. The pulpit is on a raised platform. Ten pews, likely original, line each side of the center aisle. The wood trim is painted light yellow, and the walls a light green; the same color predominates in the stained-glass windows. Ornamental sheet metal ceiling pieces were added in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church is a historic church located at 106 South Bostwick Street in Charlotte, Michigan. It was built in 1872 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. It continues to serve as a Congregational church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church in Charlotte was founded in 1851 by Rev. Joseph Dunton. They first met in the surrounding township, but in 1852 moved to the village of Charlotte. By 1854 they were meeting at the county courthouse, and in 1856 constructed a frame church for worship. Charlotte quickly grew, and in 1866 the congregation agreed to construct a new and larger place of worship. However, due to a lack of funds, the 1856 church was enlarged instead, In 1871 the congregation revisited the matter, and purchased the present site for the church. In 1872, they selected New York architect Charles H. Marsh to design the church. The cornerstone was laid in 1873. The rear wing was constructed first, and dedicated in 1876. It wasn&#39;t until 1880 that the entire church, including the auditorium, was completed.</p><br>
<p>In 1881, a Steele and Turner pipe organ was installed, and a bell hing in the tower. The organ was replaced in 1945, and the pews were replaced in 1961.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church of Charlotte is a large L-shaped gable-roof "round arch" building constructed of reddish-orange brick. The window and door openings all have distinctive round archways. The church consists of a main rectangular auditorium section with a two-story lecture room section that projects from the rear, with the entire structure measuring 125 feet by 75 feet. Two square plan pyramid-roof towers project from the front facade, one taller than the other. The main entrance in the front is through a central double door entrance, which secondary entrances are in the base of each tower. The auditorium has narrow, tall, round-head windows extending two stories in height, separated by buttresses. The lecture room section has round-head windows on each story, also separated by piers.</p><br>
<p>On the inside, a vestibule extends across the entire front, which leads to the auditorium proper. Staircases lead to the basement level and up to the gallery above the vestibule. The auditorium is a single room with a central and two side aisles with pews in between. A platform at the end holds a lectern and pulpit. A door opens into the lecture room portion of the building. All windows in the auditorium contain stained glass, made by W.H. Wells & Bros. of Chicago in 1879. The lecture room section contains offices and meeting rooms, Sunday School rooms, and a nursery.</p><br>
<p>The Vermontville Academy, also known as the First Congregational Chapel, is a building in Vermontville, Michigan, located at 106 North Main Street. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and is part of the Historic American Buildings Survey. It now serves as the Vermontville Historical Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The towns early settlers, who came from Vermont and called themselves the Union Colony, arrived in the area in 1836. The first school classes were held in a private home in 1838, and later that year a log schoolhouse was erected. By 1843, the population of the village had grown enough that an association was formed to construct a building to serve the community as both an academy and a church. The society raised money by subscription, and the building and its upper academic floor was completed in 1844 at its original location, a short distance west of the present location. The Vermontville Academical Association operated the building as an academy and chapel. A general store opened on the first floor in 1853, and the structure also served as the towns meeting hall. The lower story was finished as a church in 1851, but religious services ceased in 1864 when a nearby Congregational church was constructed.</p><br>
<p>A few years later the academy and the district public schools were united into a Union School, which used the building for classes, In 1869, the district decided to construct a new brick schoolhouse, and the academy building was abandoned. A short while later, it was moved to its present location, and remodeled to use for prayer and social meetings on the first floor, and theatrical performances on the upper.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Vermontville Academy is a rectangular two-story gable-roof structure clad with clapboards on a low foundation. It measures about 40 feet by 30 feet. The main entrance is on one end, and the windows are 12-over-12 double hung units. On the interior, each level has a vestibule, with the remainder of the space being an open auditorium.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Homer G. Barber (1830–1909), Michigan state senator</p><br>
<p>Grace Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic church located at 625 Connable Street in Petoskey, Michigan. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The church was constructed between 1903 and 1908.</p><br>
<p>The Grace Methodist Episcopal Church is a single-story frame church building with a gabled roof. It has a projecting, gable-roof entrance vestibule in the front. The side walls contain wood-framed two-over-two windows with a simple cornice above. The gable of the entrance vestibule is clad with wood shingle, and the remainder of the walls of the building are sided with clapboard. Two small windows flank the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>Saint Ignatius Church and Cemetery is a historic church and cemetery at 101 N. Lamkin Road in Good Hart, Michigan, US. The church was added to the Michigan Historical Register in 1976 and the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area around what is now Good Hart has been an Odawa village (formerly known as Wa-Ga-Nak-A-Sa or Middle Village) since at least the 1700s. In 1741, a Roman Catholic chapel was established at this location in a bark longhouse. The first structure was replaced by a more substantial version, dedicated by Father Frederic Baraga, in 1833. That church was destroyed by fire on Easter Sunday, April 21, 1889.</p><br>
<p>Construction immediately began on the current church as a replacement. Father Servatius Altmicks from Harbor Springs hired a local carpenter to manage the construction, and much of the work was done by the local Odawa. The new church was dedicated by Rt. Reverend Bishop Richter on September 13, 1889.</p><br>
<p>The church has undergone a substantial restoration and is open to the public for Sunday mass in July and August, and for weddings and funerals. It is one of the four churches making up the Catholic community of L&#39;Arbre Croche.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Saint Ignatius Church is a white-painted wooden structure covered with clapboard, with a tall wooden steeple. Adjacent to the church is the Middle Village Cemetery, which contains rows of white crosses marking gravesites.</p><br>
<p>The historic building located at 224 Michigan Street in Petoskey, Michigan was originally a place of worship owned by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was originally built in 1891 as a Seventh-day Adventist church. The Adventist congregation occupied the building for many years; it was later sold to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The building now houses the S. Garrett Beck Law Offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The historic site is a two-story frame Queen Anne structure with a front-gable roof. A single-story wing is attached to the rear of the building. The front facade has a large, elaborate window treatment. The first floor is sheathed with narrow clapboard, while the gable above is sheathed with wood singles. The building has an entrance tower at one end topped with an onion-like dome. The entrance itself is through a horseshoe-shaped surround in the base of the tower.</p><br>
<p>St. Francis Solanus Mission is a historic mission on W. Lake Street in Petoskey, Michigan. It is the only existing building in the Arbre Croche district dating from the time of Bishop Frederic Baraga, and is the oldest building still standing in Petoskey, as well as one of the oldest in northern lower Michigan. The mission was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1856, Father Lawrence Lautishar attempted to construct a church near this site, but ran into resistance from Protestant missionaries who settled in the area in 1852. Bishop Frederic Baraga requested Lautishar halt construction, and in 1858, Baraga and Indian agent A.W. Fitch effected a compromise between the factions and a site farther from the Protestant mission was agreed upon. In 1859, a carpenter, Jean Baptiste Trotochard, donated an acre of land on which to locate the mission church. Baraga accepted the offer and engaged Trotochard to construct a church. The new church was blessed by Bishop Baraga on July 23, 1860.</p><br>
<p>Petoskey&#39;s St. Francis Xavier Church oversees the Solanus property. The church was completely restored in 2008. It is open on select Sundays during the tourist season, and a Mass is celebrated annually in the church on July 14.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The St. Francis Solanus Mission is a small frame gable roofed church measuring 30 feet by 20 feet. Two six-over-six windows are located on each side of the church. An extension on the front contains a skeletal bell tower topped with a Latin cross, and an enclosed entryway with a shed roof. A picket fence surrounds the mission.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church is simple, containing four-inch-wide board seats without backs.</p><br>
<p>New Life Anglican Church is an Anglican parish located in a historic church building at 219 State Street in Petoskey, Michigan. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 under the name Trinity Evangelical Church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Trinity Evangelical Church was founded in 1878, and the congregation first met in private homes. Two years later, they constructed a church at the corner of Howard and Grove Street. They later sold this building, and for a time held services in the Seventh Day Adventist Church. The Trinity Evangelical congregation constructed this church in 1929. The congregation later changed its name to Trinity Missionary Church in the Missionary Church.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, Trinity Missionary Church relocated to a newer building on the east side of Petoskey and sold its NRHP-listed State Street building to New Life Anglican Church, a church plant of the Anglican Church in North America in the Anglican Diocese of the Great Lakes.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The church is a -story Classical Revival brick structure with a single story polygonal entrance and a gable roof. The front facade has a central projecting feature containing a large multi-paned window in a round arch, and topped with four blind archways. This feature is repeated on the side facades. Additional windows along the side are multi-paned rectangular units.</p><br>
<p>Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church  is a historic church located at 810 Petoskey Street in Petoskey, Michigan. It added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church was erected 1892 for the Zion Evangelical Church congregation. The congregation used the church until 1949, when they moved to a new church structure located on US Highway 131. In 1951, the Petoskey Mennonite Church purchased the building; the congregation later changed its name to the Hilltop Mennonite Fellowship. The Mennonite congregation used the building until 2015, when the congregation closed. The building was then purchased by Colleen and Michael Pattullo and now operates as the non-profit Chapel of Our Guardian Angels. The Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Petoskey rented space there for its meetings from 2016 to 2020.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church is a one-story Late Victorian frame structure with some Gothic Revival elements. The building has a front gable roof and a rectangular tower with a peaked polygonal cap. It has eight-pane rectangular windows with corniced heads set in to the side walls. A gabled entryway addition is at the rear of one side wall.</p><br>
<p>The Redstone Coke Oven Historic District is located at the intersection of State Highway 133 and Chair Mountain Stables Road outside Redstone, Colorado, United States. It consists of the remaining coke ovens built at the end of the 19th century by the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company. In 1990, it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Two hundred were built, because the coal in the surrounding mountains was ideal for refining into coke. At their peak, they were producing almost 6 million tons a year. The development was the beginning of the modern settlement of Redstone. There are very few coke ovens of their type remaining in the West; the ovens are themselves the only remnant of the sizable coking operation in the area, the largest at the time in Colorado.</p><br>
<p>Within ten years of their construction the ovens fell into disuse when the mines closed. Their support steel was removed during the scrap metal drives of World War II, and later they were used as living space by hippies who moved into Redstone. The possibility that some might be demolished to build a gas station eventually led Pitkin County to acquire the land in the mid-2000s, and since then some have been restored.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The remaining 90 coke ovens are arranged in a 600-foot–long (600 ft) arc over a 4 acre area along the west side of Highway 133 south of Coal Creek just opposite where Redstone Boulevard crosses the Crystal River into downtown Redstone. There is a small parking area and interpretive plaque, the only contributing resource in the district other than the ovens. In the middle is a gate leading to the current facility of Mid-Continent Coal & Coke, which now owns the property.</p><br>
<p>Most of the structures are freestanding beehive ovens made of stone, their rounded tops covered with hardened brown earth. Some retain their original integrity; many have decayed visibly over the years. Four have been restored to their original appearance. A set in the middle, just north of the parking area and entrance, is within a stone retaining wall added in the mid-20th century (due to this, neither it nor the ovens it protects are considered to be contributing to the historic district). Wooden guardrails and fences keep visitors from getting too close.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the coke ovens is the history of Redstone. They went online during the town&#39;s peak period of population, and were shut down less than a decade later, never to be used again. They were left to decay throughout much of the rest of the century, as Redstone itself nearly became a ghost town. A century after their construction, as the village turned around, they were restored as a historic attraction.</p><br>
<h3>1700s–1860: European settlement of the Crystal River Valley</h3><br>
<p>The isolation of the Crystal Valley allowed the native Ute people to avoid contact with European colonists until they encountered the Spanish in the late 18th century. By the 1830s, traders and fur trappers were working in the region. The Astor family began supporting the latter during the next decade, and John C. Frémont led the first American expedition to the valley in 1843, returning two years later.</p><br>
<p>Prospectors looking for gold in 1860 were disappointed, but named the 12,965 ft Mount Sopris that dominates the valley after their leader. After the American Civil War, the federal government concluded treaties with the Utes and otherwise began to encourage settlement in the region, that its rich mineral resources might be exploited. The surveys of Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden in 1873 gave names to many other mountains and streams in the region and suggested the Crystal Valley might well be rich in coal.</p><br>
<h3>1880–1900: Early mine development</h3><br>
<p>Silver and lead strikes led to the establishment of now-abandoned settlements like Crystal and Schofield further up the valley, along the river&#39;s upper forks in what is now Gunnison County. In 1880 the Ute ceded the area to European settlement, in preparation for their relocation to reservations elsewhere in Colorado and Utah the following year. Prospectors swarmed into the area, looking for all types of mineral deposits.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, one of them, John Cleveland Osgood, was sent by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CBQRR), which bought some of its coal from his employer, the White Breast Coal Company. His visit was part of a general survey of the states coal resources, and he found them desirable enough that he set up the Colorado Fuel Company the following year to supply the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad, a CBQRR subsidiary, with coal. He had also found the Crystal River Valleys deposits ideal for coking, and bought land there.</p><br>
<p>Four years later, he and his associates at Colorado Fuel set up both a toll road company and a railroad to make the valley accessible. Some surveying was done over the next two years, but no construction began. In 1888, the rival Colorado Coal and Iron Company built the Aspen and Western Railway to Willow Park, west of Carbondale, to exploit coal deposits there. The coal was found to be of poor quality, so plans for a coking facility there were canceled and the rail line abandoned the next year. Similarly, another rail line along the Crystal was surveyed and graded, but no actual tracks were ever laid.</p><br>
<p>Afterwards, another Colorado Fuel subsidiary, Elk Mountain Fuel, was formed to buy land near the present site of Redstone in the area known as Coal Basin. It eventually merged with the parent, and in 1892, Colorado Fuel and its rival Colorado Coal and Iron merged to become Colorado Fuel and Iron (CF&I), controlling two-thirds of the state&#39;s coal mining and becoming the largest coal company in the West, headed by Osgood. The combined company was finally in a position to realize the transportation plans made over the past decade.</p><br>
<p>Osgood planned to build a mining town, Coalbasin, high up the Coal Creek valley, where coal desirable for coking due to its purity and low ash content was abundant. From there, a narrow gauge railway would descend 12 mi and 2,200 ft to Redstone on the river, where coal could be both coked and transferred to standard gauge cars bound for Carbondale and other destinations via the Denver and Rio Grande Western and Colorado Midland. The Panic of 1893 delayed those plans, due to the failure of many of the state&#39;s banks and the ensuing difficulty in finding financing, to the end of the decade.</p><br>
<h3>1900–1925: Peak mining years and collapse</h3><br>
<p>By the end of 1899, 249 ovens, the largest coking facility in the state, had been built by contractors from Denver. as a planned community so that workers would have quality housing, frequently an issue in strikes of the era. Further up the valley, he built an estate he called Cleveholm but would later be known as Osgood Castle.</p><br>
<p>The large work force was often restive, and their strikes hobbled CF&I at a time when it was making major investments in its Pueblo steel plant. Osgood turned to Eastern investors for help; by 1903, interests indirectly controlled by George Gould and John D. Rockefeller had gained control of CF&I. Osgood started the Victor American Fuel Company, which soon became CF&I&#39;s biggest competitor.</p><br>
<p>CF&Is Pueblo plant became the states largest coke buyer by the end of the decade. It was unprofitable to ship the fuel there from the Crystal River Valley, and by 1909 all mining and coking operations ended. Redstone was abandoned, with only a few residents remaining. Osgood, who had largely retreated to New York City, returned to his estate in 1924 to attempt to redevelop the area as a resort. He died the following year, and his wife Lucille completed transforming the estate into a hotel. However, it failed due to the onset of the Great Depression shortly afterwards.</p><br>
<h3>1926–present: Neglect and restoration</h3><br>
<p>At the outset of World War II, the communitys population was down to 14. During the war, the ovens steel supports were removed during the scrap metal drives, leaving them vulnerable to structural decay. In 1953, some of the ovens near the center of the group were stabilized with a stone retaining wall, when another company, Mid-Continent, began working the coal seams in the creek valley again.</p><br>
<p>The other ovens suffered some decay, but were still structurally sound enough to avoid collapse. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, many of the young hippies and other countercultural youth of the time were drawn to the Colorado mountains, among other places, where they believed they could live lives closer to nature. Many came to Pitkin County to settle in its seat, Aspen, but some found the smaller and quieter Redstone more desirable instead. Some used the ovens as short- or long-term living quarters.</p><br>
<p>Eventually the hippies left or settled in more traditional housing. Residents continued to pillage brick and stone from the ovens for occasional small jobs, even after they were listed on the Register. While none collapsed, a real threat emerged at the end of the 20th century, when Mid-Continent went bankrupt. As part of the division of its assets, it was proposed that a convenience store and gas station be built in the middle of the ovens, since the only one that had been on the 60-mile (100 km) stretch of Highway 133 between Carbondale and Paonia had closed.</p><br>
<p>Residents, led by a member of the local historical society who called the ovens "the soul of Redstone", began working to save them. Initially, a state grant would have covered the cost, but it would have required an expansion of the historic district, which the landowner did not want, as they would not be able to further develop the site if the deal collapsed. As property values in the area increased in the early 21st century, the grant no longer would have covered the costs.</p><br>
<p>The historical society needed someone to loan them the purchase price without any term or guarantee of repayment. In 2003, the Aspen Valley Land Trust was able to acquire the property under these conditions. A year later, it sold it at cost to the historical society, which then transferred the land to the county. It made up the difference between the $290,000 purchase price and the original state grant, and the 14 acre including the ovens was finally protected.</p><br>
<p>Later in the decade, the county began funding restoration efforts. The plan by the Aspen landscape architecture firm Bluegreen called for rebuilding part of the original wharf used to load and unload the ovens from adjacent railcars. In 2009, it won an Honor Award for Research and Communication from the Colorado chapter of the American Society of Landscape Architects.</p><br>
<p>Work commenced in 2011, once the county had managed to procure the $800,000 required from a variety of state and federal sources. To stabilize the ovens, all vegetation around them will be removed and the masonry retaining wall partially rebuilt (although the ovens behind them will not be restored, as they were substantially altered when the wall was built). Four of the others will be restored to their original form, to the point that they could actually be used for coking again, save for the mortar being insufficiently heat-resistant. Another 56 will be stabilized without any reconstruction, and the remnant will be left as is to show the effects of time&#39;s passage. Workers have found some relics of possible archeological interest inside the ovens, such as a pickaxe blade, though it is not known whether they came from the original mining era or the hippie years.</p><br>
<p>West Vienna United Methodist Church was a historic church located at 5461 Wilson Road in Clio, Michigan, USA. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and has apparently been demolished.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church congregation originally met in the West Vienna School House. They formed the West Vienna Cemetery Association in 1880 and, soon after, decided to build a church nearby. The new building was constructed and a dedication was held on October 12, 1882.</p><br>
<p>The township of Vienna later took over the cemetery. In 1978, a new church was built near the 1882 structure. The congregation still use this building. The new West Vienna United Methodist Church is located at 5485 Wilson Road. Presumably, the earlier building was demolished.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The West Vienna United Methodist Church was a rectangular gable end Greek Revival structure, three bays wide. It had a double door in the front facade, framed with classically detailed pilasters and a full entablature. A wide frieze ran around the top of the structure, and a square belfry was on top of the roof. The windows had stained glass panes.</p><br>
